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Constant Conflicts in Acquitaine
During this period, Acquitaine saw more than its fair share of war. The regions of Guienne and Gascony, in particular, were divided into numerous...
The Decline of English Power in France
After the early successes of Edward III and the Black Prince, the situation for England in France began to deteriorate. The renewed war in...
The Treaty of Bretigny
The Treaty of Bretigny, signed in 1360, was intended to settle the conflict between Edward III of England and King John II of France....
Understanding Heroes and Villains
A reader can better understand and appreciate the virtues of a hero or condemn the crimes of a tyrant if the history of their...
The Focus of Traditional History
History, as it is usually written, often focuses only on causes—the events, decisions, and actions of rulers—without examining their effects on ordinary people. Wars,...
Prefatory Essay War and History
The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were a time of constant warfare across Europe. These wars affected almost the entire Christian world. In many ways,...
Art and Myth in Pergamum
One of the most famous artworks connected with ancient Pergamum is the Great Altar. Today, it is restored and displayed in the Pergamum Museum...
Hiding from the Authorities
When the friends of Saint Polycarp learned that the Roman authorities were searching for him, they tried to protect him. They took him outside...
Early Christian Martyrdom and Modern Views
Modern scholars often argue that early Christian martyrdom stories were sometimes exaggerated. They suggest that if Roman persecution had truly been constant and extremely...
The Hebdomon as an Imperial Retreat
The first historical writer who mentions the Hebdomon by name describes it as an imperial country retreat, a place where Byzantine emperors enjoyed spending...
